PHARMACOGNOSY- The 'NATURAL' Pharmacy

                                     PHARMACOGNOSY- The 'NATURAL' Pharmacy
            To begin with, Pharmacognosy is the most neglected and irritating subject to the most of the pharmacy students since they struggle in remembering the biological/official names of the plant/animal drugs. This is the most common reason they give to everyone when you ask about this subject.
            But let me share some interesting and true facts about this subject. Pharmacognosy is one of the most versatile subject which you will find in the B.Pharmacy syllabus. I say so because it is here your knowledge of
1. Pharmaceutical Analysis
2. Pharmaceutical Chemistry
3. Some part of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology and
of course your pharmacognosy knowledge is tested. You can easily co-relate what you learnt in the above subjects in pharmacognosy.
Let me explain you with an example- Consider that you are trying to find a new drug that will help cure a new or an existing disease which itself has no cure to this date. Many chemists have failed in doing the same. Then the only option remains with you is to discover the drug from natural sources.
So, you will require the knowledge of 'Pharmaceutical Analysis' to detect, separate or isolate and purify the particular drug. Then you should have a sound knowledge of 'Chemistry' so as to know the structure of that particular constituent and also its Structure Activity Relationships' (SAR). Now when you know the drug constituent, the mechanism of action of that drug as well as the appropriate dosage form in which you can administer to the patient should be known which comes under 'Pharmaceutics' and 'Pharmacology'.
             This was the first true fact about pharmacognosy. The second-most important fact being that it is not always possible to synthesize a new drug in the laboratory every time. In fact, some drugs are chemically synthesized when the structure of the naturally obtained drug is known and on the basis of that structure, scientists are able to synthesize by chemical means. E.g.- Taxol- Anti-cancer drug
             The third important fact being many of the allopathic or artificially synthesized drug have many adverse reactions, side effects etc on the other hand the case with the naturally obtained drugs is not so.
              India is very much fortunate to have a rich natural diversity such that almost all kinds of plants, animals, minerals etc are found here from which medicinal substance can be derived. Ayurveda is one of the oldest medical science in the world is a gift to the world from India itself.
              Now coming towards GPAT point of view, unfortunately, pharmacognosy is one of those subject which has to be mugged and many things like botanical name, microscopy, macroscopy, uses, structure, biochemical pathways like shikimic acid pathway, alkaloid synthesis pathway has to remembered and for all these you need PRACTICE and that too lot many times so that you perfectly remember at the day of exam.
TIPS- 1.  In MICROSCOPY and MACROSCOPY studies try to focus more on those natural drugs which have unique features- For e.g.- Casperian stripes in case of Lobelia, acetic acid smell in case of karaya gum- why? etc
2. Be very much thorough with bio-genetic/ biosynthetic pathways, botanical names, structures.
3. Try to remember SPECIAL AND UNIQUE THINGS like the cultivation and collection of drugs like opium (the various traditional instruments used), tolu balsam, peru balsam etc, life cycle of ergot fungus, colchicum etc.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS FOR PHARMACOGNOSY-

1. Biren Shah, A.K. Seth, "Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry", 2nd Edition, Elsevier Publishers (India) Pvt Ltd., , 2013.

2. W.C. Evans, "Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy", 16th Edition, Saunders Publishers, 2009.

NOTE- I have not mentioned chapter-wise books to refer for pharmacognosy because these two books are the 'BEST' for almost all the topics mentioned in the GPAT syllabus and I would say if you perfect these two books then there is no need to worry for pharmacognosy not only in GPAT but also in NIPER-JEE and other competitive exams.

This was all about 'PHARMACOGNOSY' part.. In the next part we would cover all miscellaneous topics included in GPAT syllabus like Forensic Pharmacy, Management, Microbiology (Although, microbiology is included in miscellaneous and not much important from GPAT point of view, its IMPORTANT for NIPER-JEE preparation.)
       Hope you would have liked this part, too.. Any kind of feedback and suggestions are welcome by our team !!!
                                                                                        -Darwin
                                                               [GPAT-2014- All India Rank (AIR)- 619)
                                                                      NIPER-JEE-2014 AIR-25 and

                                                                         ICT-BPT-CET-2014 AIR-7 ]
                                                   Ist year M, Tech (Bioprocess Technology-BPT)-2014-16,
                                                       Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai.

PHARMACOLOGY- The Only Connecting Link Between Pharmacists and Doctors...

            PHARMACOLOGY- The Only Connecting Link Between Pharmacists and Doctors...
       The pharmacology section in the GPAT syllabus deals with the 'Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology' (APP) part which most of us have studied in the first two years of Bachelor's course in Pharmacy and of course the pharmacology part which we studied in the last two years of our B. Pharmacy.
        Many students will try to focus only on the pharmacology part and will try to neglect the APP part as the common sense itself says that pharmacology is much more important than learning APP part. But please don't nurture this misconception as it will prove costly during GPAT exam. It is very much important to focus on both the parts equally since you don't know which questions may appear in your GPAT paper slot.
(My personal experience- In my paper, almost 4-5 questions were asked from APP and just 2-3 questions from pharmacology.)
        In APP part it is very much important to focus on pathophysiology of disease/disorders and general anatomy part (especially of bones, joints, spinal cord, heart, brain etc- try to focus more on important organs of our body).
In pathophysiology of disease you should be clear about the mechanism of cause of disease/disorders, life cycle (if any) of parasite e.g. malaria, causative microbe and the affected organ.
        In pharmacology part ,try to focus more on the mechanism of action of drug in treating a particular disease/disorder, pharmacological actions of drug, major side-effects or adverse drug reactions reported, contraindications of drug in certain circumstances or in the presence of certain drug or an already-present disease in the patient.
Side-effects, adverse drug reactions and contraindications of major drugs should be thorough enough since the are one of the favorite questions asked in GPAT. (E.g. Steven-Johnson syndrome is a side effect of antibiotics and sulfa drugs OR "X" class of drugs should not be administered during the therapy of "Y" class of drugs etc.)
TIP- It is better to start (and of course) complete the study preparation for 'PHARMACEUTICAL MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY' and 'PHARMACOLOGY' simultaneously at one go since they are pretty much inter-related. You learn the chemistry, structure activity relationship in pharmaceutical medicinal chemistry while you continue learning the pharmacological aspects of the drug like mechanism of action, side-effects etc in pharmacology. The book "Foye's Pinciples of Medicinal Chemistry"- 7th Edition has included a lot of pharmacology part too. But still for some part you need to refer the pharmacology books also.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS-
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-
1. Gerard J. Tortora and Bryan Derrickson, "Principles of Anatomy and Physiology", 13th Edition, Wiley publishers, Volumes-1 & 2,  2012.

2. Anne Waugh and Allison Grant, "Ross and Wilson- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY in Health and Illness", 11th Edition, Elsevier Publishers, 2010.

PHARMACOLOGY-
3. H.P. Rang, M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, R.J. Flower, G. Henderson, "Rang and Dale's Pharmacology", 7th Edition, Elsevier Health Sciences Publishers, 2011. (ONLINE e-BOOK AVAILABLE FOR FREE)

4. B.G. Katzung, S.B. Masters, A.J. Trevor, "Basic and Clinical Pharmacology", 12th Edition, TMGH Publishers, 2012.

5. Thomas L. Lemke, David A. Williams, Victoria F. Roche, S. William Zito, "Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry", 7th Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publishers, 2013.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-
Basic Principles of Cell Injury and Adaptations- 1,2

Basic Mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and repair- 1,2

Immunopathophysiology- 1,2

Pathophysiology of Common Diseases (PLEASE SEE THE DISEASES IN THE SYLLABUS AND START YOUR PREPARATION)- 1,2,3,4,5 (Some diseases are mentioned in one book while the others are mentioned in other, So search accordingly)

Important Disorders of Organs, Systems and their Management-
(PLEASE SEE THE DISEASES IN THE SYLLABUS AND START YOUR PREPARATION)

a. Cardio-vascular disorders- 1,2

b. CNS Disorders- 1,2,3,4

c. Respiratory disease- 1

d. Gastrointestinal Disorders- 1,2

e. Endocrine Disorders- 1,2

f. Infectious Diseases- 1,2

g. Joint and Connective tissue disorders- 1,2

h. Neoplastic Diseases- 1,2,3,4

PHARMACOLOGY PART-

Fundamentals of general pharmacology- 3,4

Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System- 3,4,5

Pharmacology of Central Nervous System- 3,4,5

Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System- 3,4,5

Drugs Acting on the Hemopoietic System- 3,4,5

Drugs acting on urinary system- 3,4

Autacoids- 3,4

Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System- 3,4

Drugs acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract- 3,4

Pharmacology of Endocrine System- 3,4

Chemotherapy- 3,4,5

Principles of Toxicology- 3,4

Basic Concepts of Pharmacotherapy- 3,4

         This was all about 'PHARMACOLOGY' part.. In the next part we would cover all of  'PHARMACOGNOSY' on the next part...!!
       Hope you would have liked this part, too.. Any kind of feedback and suggestions are welcome by our team !!!
                                                                                        -Darwin
                                                               [GPAT-2014- All India Rank (AIR)- 619)
                                                                      NIPER-JEE-2014 AIR-25 and

                                                                         ICT-BPT-CET-2014 AIR-7 ]
                                                   Ist year M, Tech (Bioprocess Technology-BPT)-2014-16,
                                                       Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai.

       
        

DECEMBER- 2014 US-FDA APPROVED DRUGS

                                      DECEMBER- 2014 US-FDA APPROVED DRUGS
1. TRADE (BRAND) NAME- Opdivo
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT- Nivolumab
COMPANY- Bristol-Myers Squibb
USE- Nivolumab is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody which acts as an immunomodulator by inhibiting the programmed cell death (PD-1) receptor. The blocking of PD-1 receptor is essentila for the treatment of cancer.
Opdivo is thus marketed for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma.

2. TRADE (BRAND) NAME- Soolantra Cream 1%
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT- Ivermectin
COMPANY- Galderma Labs
USE- Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drug and hence used for the treatment of a range of various parasitic diseases.
Rosacea is basically a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by erythema (redness) of the facial skin and sometimes with pimples.
Soolantra Cream is approved for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of rosacea.

IUPAC name:- 22,23-dihydroavermectin B_1a + 22,23-dihydroavermectin B_1b
 
3. TRADE (BRAND) NAME- Signifor LAR
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT- Pasireotide
COMPANY- Novartis
USE- Pasireotide was an orphan drug used for the treatment of Cushing's Syndrome.
Acromegaly and Cushing's Syndrome have a common link that they are mainly caused due to adenoma (tumour of pituitary gland).
Pasiroetide is a somatostatin analogue and can thus can alleviate adenoma in both cases.

IUPAC name:- [(3S,6S,9S,12R,15S,18S,20R)-9-(4-aminobutyl)-3-benzyl-12-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxo-15-phenyl-6-[(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methyl]-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexazabicyclo[16.3.0]henicosan-20-yl] N-(2-aminoethyl)carbamate

4. TRADE (BRAND) NAME- Dyloject Injection
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT- Diclofenac Sodium
COMPANY- Hospira
USE- Diclofenac sodium is one of the most commonly used NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug). It is an anti-inflammatory as well as analgesic drug.
This injection is thus used for the management of mild, moderate or severe pain.

5. TRADE (BRAND) NAME- Rapivab Injection
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT- Peramivir
COMPANY- Biocryst
USE- Peramivir is one of the latest entrants into the anti-viral drug category and was deeloped during the H1N1 epidemic that broke few years back.
It acts as an neuraminidase inhibitor and prevents the emergence of new viruses from the infected cells.
Rapivab Injection is used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in adults.

IUPAC name:-(1S,2S,3S,4R)-3-[(1S)-1-acetamido-2-ethyl-butyl]-4- (diaminomethylideneamino)-2-hydroxy-cyclopentane- 1-carboxylic acid

6. TRADE (BRAND) NAME- Saxenda Injection
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT- Liraglutide (r-DNA origin)
COMPANY- Novo Nordisk
USE- Liraglutide Injection is used for the treatment of type-2 diabetes by reducing the meal-related hyperglycemia and thus providing a better control on blood glucose level. It acts as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist and is well suited for chronic weight management.

7. TRADE (BRAND) NAME- Xtoro Suspension (0.3%)
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT- Finafloxacin
COMPANY- Alcon
USE- Finafloxacin is one of the new drug introduced in the fluoroquinine class of antibiotics. This otic suspension is approved for use of otitis externa. Otitis externa is an inflammatory disorder of the outer ear and ear canal.

8. TRADE (BRAND) NAME- Zerbaxa
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT- Ceftolozane and Tazobactam
COMPANY- Cubist Pharmaceuticals
USE- Ceftolozane is a an antibiotic belonging to cephalosporin class. It is effective against Gram negative bacteria which has developed resistance to all other antibiotics. It is therefore combined with tazobactam -a beta-lactamase inhibitor- since all the resistant micro-organisms will show resistance unless and until this enzyme is inhibited.
This combination is effective in treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections.

Ceftolozane-

IUPAC NAME- (6R,7R)-3-([3-Amino-4-(2-aminoethylcarbamoylamino)-2-methylpyrazol-1-ium-1-yl]methyl)-7-([(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(2-carboxypropan-2-yloxyimino)acetyl]amino)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate.

Tazobactam-

IUPAC NAME- (2S,3S,5R)-3-Methyl-7-oxo-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid 4,4-dioxide

9. TRADE (BRAND) NAME- Blincyto
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT- Blinatumomab
COMPANY- Amgen
USE- Blinatumomab is an anti-cancer drug which comes under the new class of monoclonal antibodies- Bi-specific T-cell engagers. As the name suggests, the drug molecule has 2 binding cites- a CD-3 site for T-cells and a CD-19 site for the target B-cells. It directs the patients T-cells to bind with malignant B-cells; thus by linking these cells, it activates the T-cell for its cytotoxic activity.
Blincyto is approved for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-negative relapsed/ refractory -cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

10. TRADE (BRAND) NAME- Viekira Pak tablets
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT- Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, Dasabuvir
COMPANY- Abbvie
USE- Ombitasvir is a NS5A inhibitor with pangenotypic antiviral activity (NS5A is a phosphoprotein that plays a role in Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication.).
Paritaprevir is a NS3/4A serine protease inhibitor (NS3 is a nonstructural viral protein- a cleavage product of HCV and NS4 is a HCV protein).
Dasabuvir is a non-nucleotide NS5B inhibitor (NS5B- A HCV protein).
Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 inhibitor which increases the pharmacological actions of Paritaprevir.
Viekira Pak is thus used for the treatment of genotypic 1 chronic HCV,
 Ombitasvir:-

Paritaprevir:-

 Ritonavir:-

 Dasabuvir:-

11. TRADE (BRAND) NAME- Lynparza
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT- Olaparib
COMPANY- AstraZenca
USE- Olaparib is a poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is a anti-cancer agent used in patients with hereditary BRCA1 & 2 mutations.
Lynparza is thus usd for the treatment of previously treated BRCA mutated advanced ovarian cancer.

 Olaparib:-

 IUPAC name:- 4-[(3-[(4-cyclopropylcarbonyl)piperazin-4-yl]carbonyl) -4-fluorophenyl]methyl(2H)phthalazin-1-one

AN ANTIBIOTIC AFTER 25 LONG YEARS- A COMEBACK FINALLY !!!

                    AN ANTIBIOTIC AFTER 25 LONG YEARS- A COMEBACK FINALLY !!!
        January 2015 gave rise to a new antibiotic discovered after a long wait of 25 years (the last antibiotic was discovered in 1987). This discovery can be considered as a 'NEW YEAR GIFT TO MANKIND' because the uniqueness of antibiotic 'TEIXOBACTIN' lies in the fact that it is active against Gram positive bacteria which has acquired resistance over other antibiotics.
        There was a fear in the minds of people that antibiotic will no longer be beneficial in coming years due to the spread of resistance over antibiotics in the recent years e.g. Multi-Drug resistant- Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Thus the discovery comes as a ray of hope in treating resistant bacterial as well as other microbial species.
         Teixobactin was isolated from the previously uncultured soil bacteria by iChip (isolation chip) technology. It is a cell wall biosynthesis inhibitor by binding to the lipid precursors (especially lipid II) of peptidoglycan. The blocking of lipid precursors results in the inhibition of peptidoglycan which in turn results in the cell lysis of the concerned bacteria.
         Teixobactin is effective in vitro against most of the Gram positive bacterial species like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthrasis, Clostridium difficile, enterococci and in in vivo it is effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The in vivo activity was, however, tested on mice and still clinical trials are yet to be carried on human beings.
TEIXOBACTIN IS NOT PROVED TO BE EFFECTIVE AGAINST GRAM- NEGATIVE BACTERIA.
         One of the co-discover has stated that Teixobactin will hit the market only in next 5-6 years. However, pharmaceutical companies are reluctant to invest in the manufacture, development and marketing of new antibiotics due to the fear that due to use prolonged use, it may acquire resistance.
Teixobactin is discovered in Northeastern University,Boston with Prof. Kim Lewis being the lead research scientist.
          Since, micro-organisms are getting stronger and stronger by the day due to the resistance, we need to strictly follow the proper instructions by our family doctor, pharmacist or any healthcare expert regarding the proper course and administration of antibiotics. 
Self-medication should be avoided, the whole course of antibiotic should be completed even we feel better by the 2nd of 3rd day of medication regime (considering it as a 5-day regime). If any past "antibiotic-resistant" experience has occurred then that should be reported to the doctor beforehand.
        Lets hope for a better future with more effective antibiotics being discovered in the coming future to save the mankind from dare consequences of antibiotic-resistance of microbes..!!!

                                                   
                                                     STRUCTURE OF TEIXOBACTIN

                                                                                                                              -DARWIN







                                                                                                               

   

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS- Safe-guarding the pharmaceuticals !!!!

                 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS- Safe-guarding the pharmaceuticals !!!!
        True to its name , "Pharmaceutical Analysis" is the subject which deals with maintaining the identity and purity (quality) of the drug. It describes various techniques which are literally involved for detecting any impurity in pharmaceuticals / active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and quantification of the API content or impurity content in the concerned product. Thus, it safeguards the pharmaceuticals from any toxic impurity or residual solvents which might be present that can harm the product, in turn harming the consumer (patient). Patient safety comes first in healthcare industry.
Also let me clear myself about the term "impurity". Impurity not necessarily means it is always harmful to the product or patients, but it is just 'undesirable' in our concerned product.
        From GPAT point of view, this subject is very , very important. You should be crystal clear about the basics of chemistry as well as physics (which we learnt in our junior college- 11th and 12th standard) to move forward in learning this subject because almost over 2/3 rd part of this subject deals with principles, equipment's, working of the same and applications which requires lot of physics.
        You should be mainly clear about the principles involved and specific instruments (e.g. source, detectors etc.) used in each analytical technique. Also in case of IR (Infrared Spectroscopy), NMR (Nuclear magnetic Spectroscopy) you need to remember the absorbance value and chemical shift value of each functional groups (most favourite questions in GPAT). In MS (Mass Spectrometry), you should be clear about the fragmentation patterns and the characteristic m/z value of certain functional groups like alcohols, carboxylic acids, ketones etc.
In case of titrations like non-aqueous, complexometric, redox etc the indicators used, nature of analytes suitable for them should be remembered.
In case of chromatographic techniques like HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography), GC (Gas Chromatography), TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) etc., stationary and mobile phases used as well as the modifications and advancements in the original techniques to suit the needs of certain nature of analytes should be known to you.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS FOR READING-

1. Gary D. Christian, "Analytical Chemistry", 6th Edition, Wiley India (Delhi) Publishers, 2010.

2. J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes, M. Thomas, B. Sivasankar, "Vogel's Textbook of Quantitaive Chemical Analysis", 6th Edition, Pearson India Publishers, 2009.

3. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stanlake, "Practical Pharmceutical Chemistry", 4th Edition, CBS Publisher and Distributors, Volumes- 1 & 2, 1988.

4. David B. Troy, Paul Beringer, "Remington ; The Science and Practice of Pharmacy", Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006

5. D.L. Pavia, G.M. Lampman, G.S. Kriz, J.A. Vyvyan, "Spectroscopy", 4th Edition, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., 2012.

6. Leon Lachman and Herbert A. Lieberman, " The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy", Special Indian Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd., 2009.

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS

Different techniques of pharmaceutical analysis, Preliminaries and definitions- 1

Fundamentals of volumetric analysis- 1

Acid Base Titrations- 2

Oxidation Reduction Titrations:- 2

Precipitation Titrations- 1,2,3

Gravimetric Analysis- 1

Non-aqueous titrations- 2

Complexometric titrations- 2

Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis- 1,2,3

Extraction procedures including separation of drugs from excipients; Potentiometry- 2,3

Conductometry- 2,3

Coulometry- 2,3

Polarography- 2,3

Amperometry- 2,3

Chromatography- 1,4

The Theoretical Aspects, Basic Instrumentation, Elements of Interpretation of Spectra, and Applications (quantitative and qualitative) of the Following Analytical Techniques-

Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry- 2,3

Fluorimetry- 2

Infrared spectroscopy- 5

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy [proton technique only]- 5 (Although they have mentioned proton technique only, a question 13-C NMR too was asked in GPAT-2014- MY PERSONAL EXPERIENCE !!)

Mass Spectrometry (EI & CI only)- 5

Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy- 2

X-ray Diffraction Analysis- Not given complete details in any book, try to search it on internet or other analytical chemistry book. (DON'T GO IN DETAIL)

Radioimmunoassay- 1,4

Quality assurance- 4,6

       This was all about 'PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS' part.. In the next part we would cover all of  'PHARMACOLOGY' on the next part...!!
       Hope you would have liked this part, too.. Any kind of feedback and suggestions are welcome by our team !!!
                                                                                        -Darwin
                                                               [GPAT-2014- All India Rank (AIR)- 619)
                                                                      NIPER-JEE-2014 AIR-25 and

                                                                         ICT-BPT-CET-2014 AIR-7 ]
                                                   Ist year M, Tech (Bioprocess Technology-BPT)-2014-16,
                                                       Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai.